Putting a mask connected to a squeezable bag or pressure device over the baby's nose and mouth to help breathing.
A yellow pigment in the blood that gives a yellow colouring to the skin. High levels can be dangerous.
When it is suspected that a baby may have an infection, a small blood sample is collected and added to some special fluid. This is kept warm, which encourages bacteria to grow. Results are available after 48 hours. When it is known what bacteria are present, the medical team can check that the baby is on the right antibiotics.
This is a laboratory test to find out levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases and acids in the blood. The purpose is to work out how well the lungs and circulation are functioning.
A blood sample is taken, either from an artery or from the heel of the foot. Monitoring blood gases is an essential part of the care of a sick baby. The number of gases that need to be checked depends on the problems the baby has. Monitors can be used to check that appropriate ventilation is being given, as well as measuring sodium levels in the blood.
This is the pressure generated in the body's arteries by the pumping of the heart. It is often monitored in babies who are unwell. If the blood pressure is abnormally low, the baby may be treated with drugs to improve it.
This is when extra blood is given. A blood transfusion may be needed to treat severe anaemia (a lack of red blood cells), or during or after an operation.
This is when the heart rate temporarily slows down. This is common in preterm babies. It is usually part of apnoea of prematurity (see above). In most cases, the baby recovers on his/her own. Occasionally, mild stimulation is needed to make the baby respond. These episodes stop after about 36 weeks' gestation.
Breast pump
See 'Chronic lung disease'.
